Quantum science describes the behaviour of matter and light on the atomic and subatomic scale. Quantum behaviours – particularly quantisation, superposition and entanglement – can be used to build advanced technologies that would otherwise seem impossible.
Quantum technologies are developing rapidly with researchers regularly identifying new applications. While some quantum technologies like computing are still emerging, others are already in everyday use. Australia has already led breakthroughs in areas such as:
- quantum theory
- quantum optics
- semiconductor and superconducting devices
- atomic physics
- precision timing and sensing
- cybersecurity.
The National Quantum Strategy addresses the full spectrum of quantum technologies. It provides a pathway for growing applications that are close to being commercialised, such as quantum sensors. It will also set Australia up for success in longer-term applications such as quantum computing.
Different technologies will mature and be ready for commercial applications at different times over the next 10 years, and beyond. Some technologies will not have a simple or quick path from research to commercialisation.
The strategy also recognises the importance of building foundational capabilities for quantum technologies, including software engineering, applications and algorithms. See the appendix for a description of quantum technologies.
Estimated horizon of quantum technologies
Less than 5 years
Quantum sensing technologies
- Quantum magnetometers
- Quantum gravity sensors
- Quantum timing sensors
Quantum communications technologies
- Quantum random number generators
- Quantum key distribution
Quantum computing technologies
- Quantum annealers
- Bespoke quantum simulators
- Simple noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers
Quantum-related technologies
- Post-quantum cryptography
5 to 10 years
Quantum sensing technologies
- Quantum inertial sensors
- Quantum electromagnetic sensors
Quantum communications technologies
- Quantum networking
Quantum computing technologies
- More-complex noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers
10 to 20 years
Quantum sensing technologies
- Photon entanglement imaging
Quantum computing technologies
- Fault-tolerant programmable quantum computers
More than 20 years
Quantum communications technologies
- Quantum internet
Quantum computing technologies
- Cryptographically relevant fully fault tolerant universal gate quantum computers