Measures of success

As we implement the strategy, the Australian Government will continue to monitor the progress against the listed measures of success. The quantum sector is still emerging, and some indicators have a publication lag time, which presents challenges in collecting data to support ongoing measurement. The Australian Government is identifying and collating available data to measure the quality of outcomes in the strategy. This data supports the benchmarking process, which needs continual improvement and iteration. To set useful targets, we need a full suite of measures of success data on the growth and performance of Australia’s quantum industry. Targets will be set for the measures of success following the establishment of all benchmark metrics. 

The following table includes available data points, and facts and figures to show, where practicable, progress against the measures of success. We expect the data coverage for the measures of success indicators will grow as data becomes available. Note: the information on the following pages presents a mix of metrics we will continue to monitor and point-in-time insights. The metrics shaded grey are point-in-time insights that give further context relevant to the indicators, but which may not form part of our long-term data collection strategy. All data is as at August 2024 unless otherwise noted.

Indicator: Australia is realising the transformational impacts of quantum technologies across finance, healthcare, agriculture, environment, energy, defence, transport, resources, space and other sectors

Since the launch of the strategy, quantum businesses announced 22 new domestic collaborations (based on publicly available information).

Advanced Navigation:

  • awarded a Moon to Mars Initiative: Demonstrator Mission grant by the Australian Space Agency for their Light Detection, Altimetry and Velocimetry (LiDAV) technology, which seeks to develop advanced navigation technologies, such as quantum sensing
  • received a grant from Department of Defence to advance domestic manufacturing capability for photonic chips
  • received a Cooperative Research Centres Project (CRC-P) grant through Round 15 in partnership with the University of Technology Sydney and Transparent Earth Geophysics (formerly CMG Operations) to test their LiDAV technology in real world environments on ground vehicles, drones and light aircraft.

Advanced Navigation and Mog Laboratories:

  • are involved in the ARC Centre of Excellence in Optical Microcombs for Breakthrough Science to explore optical frequency combs by building on the latest breakthroughs in physics.

Diraq:

  • received a CRC-P grant through Round 14 in partnership with the University of NSW Sydney and Perceptia Devices to create a quantum control unit that can integrate with Diraq’s quantum logic unit. 
  • partnered with the University of New South Wales to support an Australian Research Council Industry Laureate Fellowship grant of value $3.8m plus $1m from Diraq, led by UNSW Professor Alex Hamilton, to develop hole-based silicon qubits of direct relevance to Diraq’s R&D roadmap.
  • partnered with the University of New South Wales to support an Australian Research Council Early-Career Industry Fellowship for Dr Nard Dumoulin Stuyck in 2024, related to the development of Diraq’s silicon-CMOS-based quantum computing technology.

Diraq and Q-Ctrl:

  • are delivering 3 projects together – Diraq will develop its silicon quantum computing hardware and Q-CTRL has integrated its quantum infrastructure software solutions into Diraq’s silicon quantum processors.
    • Two projects are funded by the NSW Office of the Chief Scientist and Engineer’s Quantum Computing Commercialisation Fund.
    • One project funded from the United States Army Research Office.

Q-Ctrl:

  • partnered with the Department of Defence to develop quantum sensors for quantum-enhanced positioning and navigation capabilities for military platforms
  • received a CRC-P grant through Round 15 in partnership with the Australian National University and Transparent Earth Geophysics (formerly CMG Operations) to build novel technology for airborne gravity surveys.

Q-Ctrl and Silanna Semiconductor:

  • are involved in the ARC Centre of Excellence in Quantum Biotechnology to develop quantum technologies to observe biological processes.

Quantum Brilliance:

  • received an ARC Linkage grant in partnership with La Trobe University and RMIT University to develop a scalable manufacturing process for diamond quantum technology.

QuintessenceLabs:

  • received an ARC Linkage grant in partnership with the University of Newcastle and the University of Sydney to develop quantum key distribution.

Silicon Quantum Computing:

  • received an ARC Early Career Industry Fellowship program grant with Dr Sam Gorman in collaboration with UNSW for developing small footprint scalable sensors for the state preparation and measurement of semiconductor spin qubits
  • partnered with Silex to establish a $16 million production plant for purity enriched silicon to provide Australia with a sovereign supply of quantum silicon 
  • contracted by Transport for NSW to design bespoke quantum hardware solutions that could be used to solve optimisation problems on Sydney’s complex public transport network
  • used its quantum machine learning processor to trial new scam and fraud detection approaches with the Commonwealth Bank of Australia
  • used its quantum machine learning processor to help Telstra trial new approaches to detect anomalies in network performance.

QuantX Labs:

  • awarded a Moon to Mars Initiative: Demonstrator Mission grant by the Australian Space Agency leading a consortium on industry and academic teams in the KAIROS mission, which seeks to build a next-generation atomic clock and place it in orbit
  • received an ARC Early Career Industry Fellowship grant for Dr Sarah Scholten for developing a high-performance atomic clock suited for operation on a satellite in collaboration with the University of Adelaide.

7 Quantum Meets events were hosted by Australia’s Chief Scientist, CSIRO and DISR.

Events were hosted with the sports, resources, space, energy, finance and public service sectors.

Attendance included (people and organisations present at multiple events are only counted once):

  • 45 people from 24 quantum businesses
  • 95 people from 24 universities and ARC Centres of Excellence
  • people from 109 businesses and non-government organisations outside of the quantum sector.
Infographic: 7 quantum meets events bringing together quantum expertise with end users, attended by 300 people from 157 organisations (as at November 2024).

The Australian quantum industry has 27 suppliers of quantum technology.

The Sydney Quantum Academy’s National Quantum Industry and Workforce Development Review (November 2023) reported that 27 Australian businesses self-identified as suppliers of quantum technology:

  • 59% were suppliers of quantum computing hardware.
  • 59% were suppliers of high-level quantum computing software (quantum algorithms, applications).
  • 41% were suppliers of low-level quantum computing software (control, error correction, fault tolerance).
  • 30% were suppliers of quantum communications technology.
  • 30% were suppliers of quantum cryptography technology.
  • 30% were suppliers of quantum sensing technology.
  • 26% were suppliers of quantum simulation technology.
  • 11% were suppliers of quantum imaging technology.
  • 7% were suppliers of quantum metrology technology.

Some of these suppliers are providing multiple types of quantum technology to industry.

26 suppliers are providing quantum technology to other industries.

The Sydney Quantum Academy’s National Quantum Industry and Workforce Development Review (November 2023) noted that 26 suppliers reported providing quantum technology to other industries:

  • 46% were suppliers to the science and research sector.
  • 35% were suppliers to the information technology sector.
  • 31% were suppliers to the defence sector.
  • 31% were suppliers to the banking, financial services and insurance sector.
  • 23% were suppliers to the energy, resources and utilities sector.
  • 23% were suppliers to the education and training sector.
  • 19% were suppliers to the government sector.
  • 15% were suppliers to the telecommunications sector.
  • 15% were suppliers to the health, medical and life sciences sector.
  • 15% were suppliers to the automotive sector.
  • 15% were suppliers to the aerospace and aviation sector.
  • 12% were suppliers to the manufacturing sector.
  • 12% were suppliers to the chemicals sector.
  • 12% were suppliers to the business services and consulting sector.
  • 8% were suppliers to the travel and transportation sector.
  • 8% were suppliers to the pharmaceuticals sector.
  • 8% were suppliers to the logistics sector.
  • 4% were suppliers to the legal sector.
  • 4% were suppliers to the construction, infrastructure and real estate sector.
  • 4% were suppliers to the agriculture sector.

Some of these suppliers are providing quantum technology to multiple sectors.

Indicator: Australia has a strong quantum technology industry

38 quantum businesses operate in Australia

Of these, 14 are Australian businesses with headquarters in Australia, primarily focused on supporting, developing or commercialising quantum technologies:

  • Analog Quantum Circuits
  • Archer Materials
  • Diraq
  • Eigensystems
  • H-bar
  • Luminere Systems
  • Mog Laboratories
  • Nomad Atomics
  • Q-Ctrl
  • Quantum Brilliance
  • QuantX Labs
  • QuintessenceLabs
  • Redback Systems
  • Silicon Quantum Computing.

There are also 11 Australian businesses with headquarters in Australia, involved in the quantum technologies industry but it is not their core business:

  • Advanced Navigation
  • Aqacia
  • Elemental Instruments
  • Jovian Tech
  • Liquid Instruments
  • Modular Photonics
  • Phasor Innovation
  • QSpectral Systems
  • Senetas
  • Silanna Semiconductor
  • Silex Systems.

There are 13 foreign-headquartered businesses operating in the Australian quantum industry:

  • Amazon Web Services
  • Arqit
  • D-Wave
  • Flawless Photonics
  • Google AI
  • IBM Quantum
  • Infleqtion
  • NEC
  • PsiQuantum
  • QDX Technologies
  • Quantum Motion
  • Rigetti
  • Xanadu.

Since the launch of the strategy, Australian-headquartered quantum businesses received at least $179.0m in private investment, as at 07 November 2024, excluding the Australian Government and Queensland Government investment in PsiQuantum. 

There are 26 Australian research organisations focused on quantum technologies including:

6 Centres of Excellence:

  • ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics
  • ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems
  • ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery
  • ARC Centre of Excellence in Optical Microcombs for Breakthrough Science
  • ARC Centre of Excellence in Quantum Biotechnology
  • ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology.

16 universities:

  • Australian National University
  • Curtin University
  • Griffith University
  • Macquarie University
  • Monash University
  • Queensland University of Technology
  • Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University
  • Swinburne University of Technology
  • University of Adelaide
  • University of Melbourne
  • University of New South Wales
  • University of Queensland
  • University of Sydney
  • University of Technology Sydney
  • University of Western Australia
  • University of Wollongong.

4 government research agencies:

  • Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation
  • Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
  • Defence Science and Technology Group
  • National Measurement Institute.

From the release of the National Quantum Strategy to 7 November 2024, the Australian Government, along with State and Territory Governments, announced $231.8 million in grants, tenders and investment for the quantum sector, not including the investment in PsiQuantum.

In financial year 2021–22, quantum technology firms spent at least $38.7 million on research and development.

Indicator: Australia remains a leader in quantum research and has established strong pathways to commercialise and industrialise that knowledge

Between 2000 to 2022 quantum technologies patents originating from Australia included:

  • 1474 applications filed globally since 2000
  • 384 patent families filed globally since 2000.

Australia ranks highly in patent filing in quantum technologies

From 2000 to 2022:

  • Australia ranked 13th as a source of quantum sensing patents
  • Australia ranked 9th as a destination of quantum sensing patents
  • Australia ranked 12th as a source of quantum computing patents
  • Australia ranked 8th as a destination of quantum computing patents
  • Australia ranked 22nd as a source of quantum communication patents
  • Australia ranked 9th as a destination of quantum communication patents
  • Australia ranked 14th as a source of quantum application patents
  • Australia ranked 9th as a destination of quantum application patents.

Australia is ranked 11th among OECD countries across 2018 to 2022 for number of scholarly papers in quantum physics, and ranked 6th for citation impact.

Australia’s share of publications cited in patent applications compared to the OECD average expressed as a percentage is 127%.

Indicator: Australia has high quantum literacy, leading businesses to identify and generate broad use cases and attracting talent into career paths at early stages

In May 2024, a representative sample of the Australian public was surveyed to gauge attitude and awareness towards quantum technologies, working in the quantum industry, and undertaking training or study relevant to working in a quantum company.

  • 27% of Australians have heard of quantum technologies.
  • 13% of Australians claim to have very little knowledge about quantum technologies.
  • 8% of Australians claim to have some knowledge about quantum technologies.
  • 2% of Australians claim to have quite a bit / expert knowledge of quantum technologies.

73% of Australians working in technical fields would definitely, or probably, consider working at a business involved in the quantum industry in a role that matches their skills, compared to 52% across all fields.

Out of those who said they would not consider working in the quantum industry:

  • 52% said not interested / not relevant to my kind of work / not my area of interest / happy with my current job / not thinking of changing jobs
  • 28% said lack of skills / expertise / qualifications / knowledge / experience in the field
  • 13% said not a tech savvy person / too hard / not smart / clever enough
  • 6% said lack of trust in quantum technologies.

39% of Australians would definitely, or probably, consider studying or training in a field where they could work for a quantum business.

Out of those who said they would not consider studying or training relevant to working in a quantum company:

  • 77% said they are not in the workforce, and/or are not looking to change the industry they work in
  • 19% said they do not have time to do training / study, and/or do not have ready access to training / study where they live
  • 11% said they would need to know what the benefits of training / study would be
  • 5% said they doubt they would need further training / study.

Note that some respondents stated more than one reason.

Survey responses were weighted to ensure the representation of state, age group and gender matched Australian demographics.

Indicator: The quantum industry is supported by mature talent pipelines through the secondary, VET and tertiary sectors; adjacent industries; overseas, where Australia is a destination of choice for talent

In 2023, 67 quantum PhD theses were published in Australia.

Based on theses in the Australian National Library’s Trove database with quantum as a keyword in the subject.

In 2023, 78,214 university degrees were completed in the fields of Natural and Physical Sciences, Information Technology, and Engineering and Related Technologies.

Including:

  • 5,365 postgraduate by research degrees
  • 21,359 postgraduate by coursework degrees
  • 45,774 Bachelor degrees
  • 5,716 other undergraduate degrees.

158,392 university degrees were commenced in the fields of Natural and Physical Sciences, Information Technology, and Engineering and Related Technologies in 2023.

Including:

  • 6,499 postgraduate by research degrees
  • 49,576 postgraduate by coursework degrees
  • 90,215 Bachelor degrees
  • 12,102 other undergraduate degrees.

390,856 university degrees were being studied in the fields of Natural and Physical Sciences, Information Technology, and Engineering and Related Technologies in 2023.

Including:

  • 29,185 postgraduate by research degrees
  • 86,122 postgraduate by coursework degrees
  • 257,510 Bachelor degrees
  • 18,039 other undergraduate degrees.

63,360 domestic students applied to study an undergraduate university degree in the fields of Natural and Physical Sciences, Information Technology, and Engineering and Related Technologies in 2021.

  • 58,486 students received an offer in these fields.
  • 41,114 students accepted an offer in these fields.

Students studying in multiple out of a) Physical and Natural Sciences, b) Information Technology and c) Engineering and Related Technologies, are counted multiple times.

Australia has 8 specialised quantum technology university degrees:

  • Adelaide University
    • Master of Materials Engineering (Quantum)
  • Australian National University
    • Master of Quantum Technology
  • University of New South Wales
    • Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) (Quantum Engineering)
  • University of Queensland
    • Master of Quantum Technology
  • University of Technology Sydney
    • Bachelor of Advanced Science (Quantum Technology)
    • Bachelor of Computing Science (Honours) (Quantum Information Sciences)
  • University of Western Australia
    • Bachelor of Advanced Computer Science (Honours) (Quantum Computing)
    • Master of Physics (Quantum Technology and Computing)

24 Australian universities are teaching quantum subjects:

  • Australian National University
  • Curtin University
  • Flinders University
  • Griffith University
  • James Cook University
  • Macquarie University
  • Monash University
  • Queensland University of Technology
  • Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University
  • Swinburne University of Technology
  • University of Adelaide
  • University of Melbourne
  • University of New England
  • University of Newcastle
  • University of New South Wales
  • University of Queensland
  • University of South Australia
  • University of Southern Queensland
  • University of Sydney
  • University of Tasmania
  • University of Technology Sydney
  • University of Western Australia
  • University of Wollongong
  • Western Sydney University

Indicator: Australian quantum researchers and businesses can access the infrastructure, manufacturing and materials to advance and grow their field

There are currently at least 53 facilities and laboratories relevant to quantum technology research and development in Australia. 

These include:

  • Photonics systems
  • Nano/micro fabrication facilities
  • Characterisation infrastructure
  • High performance computing capability
  • Thermal systems
  • Benchmarking, testing and simulation facilities
  • Electronic systems

Indicator: Australia is recognised as an international leader in quantum technologies and has deep relationships with key partners, enabling the transfer of knowledge, capital and business

Australia has established 5 quantum-related international arrangements:

  • Joint Statement of the United States of America and Australia on Cooperation in Quantum Science and Technology
  • Joint Statement of the United Kingdom and Australia in Cooperation in Quantum Technologies
  • UK-Australia Cyber and Critical Technology Partnership 
  • Australia-Denmark Strategic Partnership Agreement 
  • Australia–United Kingdom–United States Partnership (AUKUS) Quantum Arrangement (AQuA).

Australia is also participating in international quantum groups, including:

  • International Electrotechnical Commission and International Organization for Standardization Joint Technical Committee 3 – Quantum Technologies
  • OECD Global Forum on Technology (GFTech)
  • Quad Leaders Critical and Emerging Technology Track Working Group
  • Multilateral Dialogue on Quantum (MDQ)
  • Quantum Development Group (QDG)
  • NATO Transatlantic Quantum Community (TQC)
  • World Economic Forum (WEF) Quantum Economy Network.

At least 19 new international collaborations involving Australian quantum businesses since the launch of the strategy:

  • Q-Ctrl and Qatar’s Hamad Bin Khalifa University have partnered on building the next generation quantum workforce.
  • Q-Ctrl has been awarded a grant by the United Kingdom’s Small Business Research Initiative Quantum Catalyst Fund Competition to deliver quantum-hardware-optimised algorithmic solvers to the Department for Transport and Network Rail.
  • Q-Ctrl has partnered with the United States Geological Survey to explore quantum computing and quantum sensing applications for geological sciences.
  • Q-Ctrl has partnered with Oxford Quantum Circuits in the United Kingdom to improve the performance of quantum algorithms and integrated Q-CTRL’s performance‑management software into Oxford Quantum Circuits Cloud QCaaS devices.
  • Q-Ctrl announced a partnership with the Indian state of Tamil Nadu to kickstart quantum education in the state.
  • Quantum Brilliance has partnered with the Hartree Centre in the United Kingdom to integrate quantum accelerators with high-performance computing.
  • QuantX Labs has partnered with Surrey Satellite Technology Limited in the United Kingdom, combining the next-generation optical atomic clock technology with advanced satellite engineering for the Moon to Mars KAIROS mission.
  • Advanced Navigation has signed an MoU with Hanwha Defence Australia and Hanwha Aerospace to propel military navigation technology forward.
  • QuintessenceLabs has deployed its Trusted Security Foundation key and policy manager appliance in Equinix’s International Business Exchange data centre to help organisations strengthen their defences against the cryptographic threats posed by quantum computing.
  • QuintessenceLabs has partnered with Italy’s Sysnet Telematica to implement quantum‑proof solutions for Sysnet’s security and control products.
  • QuintessenceLabs has partnered with API3 on quantum random number generation.
  • QuintessenceLabs has partnered with Singapore’s ST Engineering to develop quantum-resilient solutions for infrastructure and communications platforms.
  • QuintessenceLabs has partnered with Carahsoft Technology Corp. in the United States to help the public sector build a quantum-resilient security posture.
  • Pawsey Supercomputing Research Centre announced it will deploy Nvidia's CUDA Quantum computing platform at its National Supercomputing and Quantum Computing Innovation Hub to study quantum machine learning, chemistry simulations, and image processing for radio astronomy.
  • Quantum Brilliance has announced a strategic collaboration with Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the United States. This will see Quantum Brilliance’s quantum cluster integrated into Oak Ridge’s high-powered computing facility.
  • Quantum Brilliance, in collaboration with ParityQC, has been awarded a contract from the German government to develop the world’s first mobile quantum computer by 2027. 
  • India’s Visvensvaraya Technological University will begin to integrate reconfigurable instrumentation from Liquid Instruments into its engineering education curriculum.
  • Diraq has partnered with imec in Europe, the world’s largest silicon chip R&D foundry, to demonstrate the highest accuracy silicon qubit device ever manufactured using standard 300mm wafer-scale manufacturing.
  • Diraq has partnered with GlobalFoundries (GF) in the USA to design an integrated circuit that combines Diraq’s spin qubit technology with GF’s 22FDX transistor technology, providing a pathway to quantum processor chips containing millions of qubits.

78 active quantum ARC grants with international collaborations

On 1 August 2024 there were 78 quantum-related ARC grants with international collaborations, across 25 countries, including 24 ARC grants started in 2024:

  • 50 collaborations with the United States
  • 30 collaborations with Germany
  • 23 collaborations with the United Kingdom
  • 18 collaborations with Japan
  • 16 collaborations with France
  • 14 collaborations with Canada
  • 12 collaborations with Switzerland
  • 10 collaborations with the Netherlands
  • 9 collaborations with Italy
  • 8 collaborations with Austria
  • 8 collaborations with Denmark
  • 8 collaborations with Singapore
  • 6 collaborations with China
  • 5 collaborations with New Zealand
  • 5 collaborations with Sweden
  • 4 collaborations with Belgium
  • 4 collaborations with the Republic of Korea
  • 3 collaborations with Poland
  • 3 collaborations with Spain
  • 2 collaborations with the Czech Republic
  • 1 collaboration with Brazil
  • 1 collaboration with Finland
  • 1 collaboration with India
  • 1 collaboration with Russia
  • 1 collaboration with South Africa.

Indicator: Australia’s approach to quantum technologies supports national interests, is inclusive and aligns to Australian values

In May 2024, a representative sample of the Australian public was surveyed to gauge their attitudes towards quantum technologies.

Sentiment about quantum technologies:

  • 74% of Australians said they don’t know how they feel about quantum technologies.
  • 18% of Australians have a positive sentiment towards quantum technologies.
  • 7% of Australians have a neutral sentiment.
  • 0.7% of Australians have a negative sentiment towards quantum technologies.

Trust in quantum technology development:

  • 56% of Australians completely trust or somewhat trust developments in quantum technology.
  • 6% of Australians completely distrust or somewhat distrust developments in quantum technology.

Survey responses were weighted to ensure the representation of state, age group and gender matched Australian demographics.

Infographic: Australians' feelings toward quantum technologies. Full description follows.

Sentiment about quantum technologies:

  • 18% positive
  • 7% neutral
  • 74% unsure
  • 1% negative.

Trust in quantum technologies:

  • 56% trust
  • 22% neutral
  • 16% unsure
  • 6% distrust.

Based on a May 2024 survey of a representative sample of the Australian public. 

In May 2024, a representative sample of the Australian public was surveyed to gauge how much they trust various sources of information about quantum technologies.

Scientists scored 1st out of 12 sources:

  • 82% of Australians trust completely or somewhat trust scientists as a source of information about quantum technologies.
  • 4% of Australians distrust completely or somewhat distrust scientists as a source of information about quantum technologies.

Independent government research agencies scored 2nd out of 12 sources, and scored slightly higher than academic publications:

  • 75% of Australians trust completely or somewhat trust independent government research agencies as a source of information about quantum technologies.
  • 7% distrust completely or somewhat distrust independent government research agencies as a source of information about quantum technologies.

Survey responses were weighted to ensure the representation of state, age group and gender matched Australian demographics.